When couples divorce, financial negotiations often involve alimony. The tax rules regarding alimony were dramatically changed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, but existing agreements have been grandfathered. In addition, the old rules remain in effect for divorce and separation agreements executed during 2018. Next year, the rules will change, and the roles will be reversed.
Under divorce or separation agreements executed in 2018, and for many years in the past, alimony payments have been tax deductible. Moreover, these deductions reduce adjusted gross income, so they may have benefits elsewhere on a tax return. While the spouse or former spouse paying the alimony gets a tax deduction, the recipient reports alimony as taxable income.
Shifting into reverse
Beginning with agreements executed in 2019, there will be no tax deduction for alimony. As an offset, alimony recipients will not include the payments in income.
Example 1: Joe and Kim Alexander get divorced in 2018. Joe expects to be in a 35 percent tax bracket in the future, whereas Kim anticipates being in a 22 percent bracket. Suppose that the proposed agreement has Joe paying $3,500 a month ($42,000 a year) in alimony.
Joe will save $14,700 in tax (35 percent times $42,000), but Kim will owe $9,240 (22 percent times $42,000). Net, the couple will save over $5,000 per year in taxes. This type of calculation will affect the negotiations, as it has in the past. Assuming the relevant rules are followed, it may make sense to tip the agreement toward Joe paying alimony to Kim, perhaps in return for other considerations.
Example 2: Assume that the Alexanders’ neighbors, Len and Marie Baker, have identical finances. They divorce in 2019. If Len pays $42,000 a year in alimony, he will get no deduction and will not get the $14,700 in annual tax savings that Joe did in example 1. Marie, on the other hand, will pocket $42,000, tax-free, without the $9,240 tax bill faced by Kim in example 1.
Moving things along
Just as people should not “let the tax tail wag the investment dog,” so taxes should not dominate divorce or separation proceedings. However, it is also true that taxes should not be ignored. If you are in such a situation, the tax experts at Zinner & Co. can help explain to both parties the possible savings available from executing an agreement during 2018, rather than in a future year.
The new rules will be in effect beginning in 2019. With no alimony deduction and a tax exemption for alimony income, it may be desirable to consider after-tax, rather than pre-tax, income when making decisions. Speaking very generally, there may be less cash for the couple to use after-tax.
Keep in mind that as of 2019, not all states will have alimony tax laws that conform to the new federal rule. Your state may still offer tax deductions for alimony payments and impose income tax on alimony received. That is all the more reason to look at after-tax results when calculating a divorce or separation agreement.
Getting personal
The impact of the new TCJA on spousal negotiations may go beyond the taxation of alimony. Among other provisions to consider, the TCJA abolishes personal exemptions. As a tradeoff, the standard deduction was almost doubled.
In some past instances, divorcing spouses would agree that the high bracket party would claim the children’s personal exemptions, which effectively were tax deductions, in return for some other consideration. Now those exemptions do not exist, so they should not be part of divorce negotiations. If you previously entered into an agreement that included the treatment of children’s personal exemptions, you may want to consult with counsel to see about possible revisions.
Final Thoughts
Defining Alimony
Payments to a spouse or former spouse must meet several requirements to be treated as alimony for tax purposes. The following are some key tests:
- The payments are made under a divorce or separation agreement.
- There is no liability to continue the payments after the recipient’s death.
- The payments are not treated as child support or a property settlement.
- The payments are made in cash (including checks or money orders).
The TCJA is complex and confusing. If you have questions about how it will impact you during life-changing decision such as divorce, contact the tax experts at Zinner& Co. at info@zinnerco.com or 216.831.0733. We are happy to help and ready to start the conversation.
